The Evolution of Projection Technology

Corporate America was first introduced to projection technology in the 1950s. Although the technology itself has changed dramatically since that time, conceptually it has remained the same. The opaque projectors which were the sole option of the 50’s have given way to a multitude of options in the 21st century where one’s choice of technology will likely hinge on the material to be projected.

Opaque Projectors - One of the earliest forms of projection, the opaque projector, allows the user to project printed material or small objects without having to convert them to another medium.
An example of such an application would be projecting the contents of single page of a book onto a wall. This is achieved by turning to the page and placing the entire book into in the opaque projector.

In use for nearly sixty years, the opaque projector projects the object by shining a bright lamp on the material to be viewed and directing the reflected light through a projection lens. Documents, photos, magazines, books, and small 3-dimensional objects can be projected with the opaque projector provided the user remains mindful of the heat generated by the light source and the potential for damage to heat sensitive documents or objects.

Slide Projectors - Slide projectors have also been around since the 1950's.
Unlike opaque projectors, slide projectors require that the presented material be transferred to a 35mm slide allowing the user to project virtually anything that can be can put on film. While there is a cost associated with creating slides, the benefit is the versatility of the device. Kodak, the leading supplier of slide projectors, discontinued production in October 2004. Regardless, there is still a market for slide projectors as other companies still include them in their product lineup.

Overhead Projectors - In some ways an overhead projector is very much like a slide projector in that the information to be viewed must be transferred to another medium, in this case a transparent sheet of flexible material known as a transparency. A transparency of any document can be easily generated with a copy machine. Once created, the transparency can be placed on an overhead projector and projected onto a wall or screen using a lamp and optics that are built into the projector. One of the benefits of the overhead projector is the ability to annotate the projected image while presenting. Overhead projectors are still widely used.

Digital Projection Panels - In the late 1980's overhead projectors found further use with the introduction of digital projection panels.

The digital projection panel consisted of a large LCD, electronics, cooling fan, and a plastic or metal enclosure with a glass plate on both sides of the LCD. The LCD was similar in size to that found in a notebook computer except that the electronics on the back of the LCD were unfolded to allow light from the overhead projector to pass through the LCD. A digital projection panel was essentially an electronic sheet of paper in a box about the size of a large book that when plugged into a computer could display the image using the light and optics of the overhead projector. It effectively became a giant monitor for the computer allowing fully interactive presentation, education, and training making them the first digital projectors.

Within a year of their introduction, video projector panels were introduced and were quickly followed by multimedia projector panels that could support video and data. Projection panels are still in use, but as prices drop and performance continues to improve, they are quickly being replaced by data projectors, video projectors and multimedia projectors.

Computer Projectors - the fully integrated digital data projector came into existence in the early 1990's and served primarily as a computer display projector for business, education and training.
It essentially combined the overhead projector and the digital projection panel into one device making it considerably smaller and more easily transported. As is true with most new technologies, the first offerings of the computer projector were big, heavy and expensive with image quality that pales in comparison to today's projectors. As the computer projectors got smaller, lighter, and cheaper they became popular with mobile presenters. Today data projectors are used in a wide range of applications including mobile presentations, conference rooms, classrooms, training, gaming, simulation, control rooms, museums, and retail advertising.

Video Projectors - The digital video projector also came into being in the early 1990's and like the early computer projectors, they were large, heavy and expensive.

They also suffered from poor image quality, high cost, and limited portability. But much has changed since the video projectors of the early 1990's arrived. Today you can buy a home theater projector and enjoy a high definition movie with quality that is comparable to or better than your local movie theater. And you don't have to worry about the sticky floors, expensive popcorn and the talkative kid that keeps kicking your seat.

Video projectors also serve nicely as TV projectors that can project your satellite receiver programming or local broadcasts. With today’s TV projector you can also attach a DVD player or any of the high definition DVD players and enjoy a movie of your choosing. There are even TV projectors with integrated DVD players and audio systems that provide a video boom-box for home entertainment that can be easily taken from room to room with minimum setup.

Home Theater Projectors - The home theater projector is perhaps the most rapidly growing market segment now that a home movie theater experience is possible for a very nominal cost for the do-it-yourselfer.For those not inclined to install their own home theater projector, there are plenty of installers available for hire. Some of our home theater enthusiasts have converted basements, spare bedrooms and living rooms into home theaters.

A home theater projector can achieve a 100+ inch image for a fraction of the cost of LCD or plasma flat panel. These home theater systems now compete with the neighborhood cinema and to remain competitive many movie houses are replacing their film projectors with high definition digital projectors, a larger version of the type one would buy for the home.

Multimedia Projectors - The early multimedia projectors combined video, data and audio as a universal solution.

Today’s data and video projectors are essentially multimedia projectors as almost all of them support data and video in one form or another. Since a good audio system needs power and separation, today’s projectors do not serve well as a primary audio source for any high quality audio, but they can be useful in a small presentation room. In addition, some multimedia projectors support wireless presentations and wireless high definition. The latter is currently an add-on that allows an HD projector to connect to a high definition video source without the need to run wiring. In time this may become a common component of the projector.

Pocket Projectors - The first pocket projectors were introduced in 2005 by Mitsubishi and they were small enough to fit in the palm of a hand.

Their light source is a cluster of LEDs and most of them can be plugged into a wall outlet or powered by battery. Their biggest drawback is the lumen output which in the first few years of shipment, was about 25 ANSI lumens.

The future of pocket projectors is very promising as optics are reduced, light output improved, packaging reduced, and prices fit for a consumer market. We expect to see the technology in everything from toys to portable computers.

Conclusion – The projection industry has come full circle. Today a multimedia projector brings back many of the features found on the opaque projector, slide projector and overhead projector through the use of document cameras. These handy devices can be connected to any projector, or in some cases, they are integrated into the projector, giving the presenter the opportunity to project a document, transparency, or 3 dimensional object.

What is perhaps the greatest achievement in the evolution of this technology is how rapidly the performance improved and the size diminished while prices continued to fall. In the coming years you can expect to see smaller, lighter and cheaper projectors with better resolution and performance as new technologies such as lasers, LEDs and electrode-less lamps emerge.

Further reductions in size will make pocket projectors a functional reality. All the indicators point to a near future where consumers will be shopping for an iProjector to plug into an iPod or iPhone.

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Applying the 80-20 rule to your job search

You may not know it by name, but I’m sure you’ve heard of the Pareto principle. It’s that turn-of-the-century formula by Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who famously wrote that 20% of your effort will produce 80% of your results—or, more accurately, that there is a great imbalance between inputs and outputs and between causes and results. It’s remarkable that 120 years later it still explains so much.

Take a look at how retail stores operate: 20% of their goods produce 80% of their profits, and 20% of the sales year produces 80% of their revenue. Car insurance companies will tell you that 20% of their insured drivers cause 80% of accidents. In your home, 20% of the carpet gets 80% of the wear, and in your automobile, only 20% of the energy gets transferred to the wheels (combustion chews up the other 80%). When I come into work in the morning, 20% of my actions are going to result in the bulk of my paycheck. And I’ll bet that 20% of your papers produce 80% of your citations!

Don’t you wish that you could simply be happy with that 80% output and work just 1 day out of 5? The problem with that logic is that we can’t recognize which 20% of our actions are the ones that will lead to the big payoffs. But for you, as a scientist seeking an opportunity to move into a new phase of your career, perhaps there are some ways to use this 80-20 principle to your advantage in the job search.
Prioritizing your job search activities

A job search requires a variety of different activities, including researching, applying, and networking. Figuring out how to prioritize them can be a challenge. But in light of the permanence of the Pareto principle, it’s clear that the best approach is to focus on the high points from each category. In other words, don’t throw all your efforts into the networking column, even though that’s often a productive use of your time. And neither should you put all of your effort into responding to job advertisements. Instead, recognize that the job search requires that you engage in a range of activities, and that the returns on your activities will vary. Even though you won’t be able to discern the difference between low-return and high-return actions immediately, it will come to you with experience. As you begin to realize what your “big reward” activities look and feel like, you can then fine-tune how you prioritize your job-search tasks.

Here are the five categories of activities that fill out anyone’s time spent job searching, along with my tips on how to maximize the 20% of action that results in 80% of your success.
Researching employers on the Internet

This is an important category, especially early in the job search, but it can also be a giant time sink. Researching employers makes you feel like you are accomplishing something, but in reality it is often just wasting time. One way to avoid this trap is to determine what your geographical restrictions are early in your search (remembering that people with flexibility end up in a better position for job offers). Then, focus only on the employers in those regions. Do you want to remain in the Pacific Northwest? Then why are you looking at pharmaceutical companies back in New Jersey?
Applying to job ads that fit your background

The average scientific job seeker looks at any and all job advertisements that fit their disciplinary background and then sends off applications on a wing and a prayer, with only a fraction of the required skills (and thus only a tiny chance of success). That’s definitely in the time-taker-upper category. Don’t bother! Trimming back dramatically and applying only to jobs that are a good fit for your interests and experience will free up time to go after other high-productivity items.

On the other hand, job ads where you fit 60-70% of the listed parameters or more do fall into your Pareto list. After you’ve focused on the employers only in the regions you’d consider, find those job ads in which you have a true fit. Don’t be concerned about job ad statements like “2 years of industry experience required.” If you have the skills, send the application. That’s the kind of 20% that will make up 80% of your success.
Building out your network via online platforms

The big online networking tool is LinkedIn, where any effort spent building your profile will be time well invested. Even though LinkedIn doesn’t count as real networking, enlarging your database there is important because the size of your contact pool opens doors for you. More people will find you—and you’ll find more contacts—if you have a larger LinkedIn database. So it’s Pareto time for sure when you invest in connecting on the platform with everyone you meet and work with.

But even a tool as useful as LinkedIn can be a time sink sometimes. Wasted time on LinkedIn includes using the auto-connect feature, where you click one button and an invite is sent without an opportunity to customize the wording. Don’t let anyone receive a connection request with LinkedIn’s suggested verbiage! That’s seen as tacky by 50% of your probable connections.

As for other online networking platforms, I’m not so sure that Facebook and the like are going to earn you a lot of opportunities, so avoid the highly “social” of your social media sites. But ResearchGate is important, so ensure you’ve added a photo and your contact information. I’m constantly frustrated by seeing an interesting scientist on ResearchGate and then having to do an additional search to find them.
Making personal, face-to-face connections

It’s hard to imagine how any face-to-face contact with another person could be a time waster. I’m really at odds trying to help you prioritize here, because each and every person you talk to will add value. Is he a year or two ahead of you? Great! Ask him how he transitioned into his present job. Is she an industry manager with 20 year of experience? Fine. Impress her with a few questions about her organization’s research, how she defines success at her company, what the culture is like there, and so on.

But when it comes to searching for people to meet, there’s a fair amount of time wasted looking at people who are too senior to reach. It’s great to meet and talk to a vice president of research, but that’s a rare opportunity. In the time it takes to pull that off, you could have spoken to six researchers on the scientist ladder and three supervisors with open positions. Use 20% of your time to identify networking contacts who are reachable.
Conducting exploratory interviews

As your job search progresses, the goal is to meet and talk to as many people as possible. But at some point, you’ll start recognizing those in your developing network who seem friendly and open to helping you. That’s where you move to the informational interview. Find that person who is just a few years ahead of you and invite her to a Starbucks at the next meeting you’re both attending. There’s no way you can lose. Sure, you’ll spend $10 on overpriced coffee, but the advice you pick up about that person’s career track will be worth far more. Each and every informational interview has a value that falls, I’m sure, into the 20% that gets you 80% of the way.

Using these tips to help you prioritize the elements of your job search will be a good start, but it’s also important to recognize that, within each specific activity, there will be a further 80-20 breakdown. If you make 10 networking contacts, for instance, that’s great—but only two or three of those are going to be long-term winners moving you closer to your goal. You can’t escape Dr. Pareto, no matter what you do. All you can do is be aware of the principle and do your best to prioritize high-impact activities over those that are likely to waste your time.for more info, check out avant career

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